Structural steel is a common choice for many industries, including concrete, buildings, architecture, construction, and infrastructure. Corrosion can cause safety issues like instability and other ...

The seismic design of conventional structures is mainly addressed considering the direct construction cost; the life cycle costs (LCCs) are often neglected. This paper proposes a performance-based ...

The conventional design of steel structure objects relies on a first-order elastic analysis, where the entire object is treated as a set of individual structural elements requiring time-consuming, ...

Metalworkers and metallurgists have long appreciated the ability to tailor the performance characteristics of steel (an alloy of iron and carbon), including their strength, hardness, ductility and ...