The upper equation indicates that, by considering \({\mathbf{x}}_{0}\) and \({\mathbf{x}}_{{\text{F}}}\) as initial and final states, respectively, and \({\mathbf{u ...
In this study, a multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOIPSO) algorithm is proposed to address complex optimization problems, including real-world engineering challenges. The algorithm retains ...
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